By extending the previous studies on the error-threshold problem, we will illustrate the importance of studying evolution in the framework of evolution as multi-level (in time, space, individuals) processes.

Compartmentalization of replicators was proposed in Stochastic Corrector Model, where stochasticity and group-selection enhance the coexistence of several species. We extend the model such that the dynamics of replicators and that of vesicles are integrated. Our results illustrate that the two time-scales must be fine-tuned in order that group-selection works effectively; actually, error-threshold decreases in "fair" cases.

Previous study claimed that if a genotype-phenotype map involves redundancy, error-threshold can vanish. We obtain an analytical formulation of phenotypic error-threshold by considering the local structure of RNA-folding genotype-phenotype map, and show that the relaxation of error-threshold is limited.

Extending previous hypercycle studies, we study the evolutionary dynamics of interacting catalytic RNA-like replicators in space. In our model, catalytic interaction depends on the secondary structure and complimentary base pairing; thus, interaction topology is allowed to evolve. Our preliminary results show that the system evolves toward asymmetric catalytic interaction; furthermore, the system is more stable with a higher mutation rate because parasites must cope with a larger diversity of catalysts.